What is Carotid Sinus?

The internal carotid artery originates at the common carotid artery's bifurcation and a localized dilation at this point is what is called the carotid sinus. Its main function is to act as a sampling area through a large number of baroreceptors for homeostatic mechanism to maintain blood pressure. A particular nerve of the sinus called Hering innervates the baroreceptors in the carotid sinus. This sinus sometimes gets atherosclerotic plaques. This is caused by hemodynamics. Hemodynamics is the medical term used for low wall shear stress inducing flow reversal or recirculation.

Now what causes carotid sinus related diseases is nothing but these very plaques. If these plaques are large and therefore unstable, they make a person susceptible to ischemic strokes and also transient ischemic attacks.

To understand a bit more about what carotid sinus and human stimulation are related we need to look into what is what is carotid sinus reflex death. This is actually a disputed mechanism which is supposed to cause death through manual stimulation of the carotid sinus. this happens because strong very strong vagus nerve impulses are generated which leads to terminal cardiac arrest. This is supposedly the cause of death in cases of strangulation and hanging. However this is still controversial even though studies point out that if not the main or only cause but still this can be a very significant factor in death as it reduces both blood pressure and heart rate. This is more true in case of elderly people and people suffering from hypersensitivity of carotid sinus. The other life threatening effects produced by the hypersensitivity of carotid sinus besides heart attack are pulmonary embolism and stroke.

One very interesting fact, which comes handy in dealing with some of the problems, is what is called as carotid sinus hypersensitivity itself! It is oversensitive to manual stimulation and manual stimulation can effect substantial changes in blood pressure and heart rate. Massage is used many times in diagnosing carotid sinus syncope. This is also used differentiating between supraventricular tachycardia and ventricular tachycardia. Though it is not as effective as pharmaceutical management is with adenosine or verapmil.

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What is Sinus Node? - A Detailed Description on What is Sinus Node

In proper term, what is sinus node? Sinus node generates electrical impulses and conducts them throughout the muscle of the heart, thereby making the heart to contract and push blood throughout the body. It is rudimentary to transmitting the blood throughout the system. It is otherwise called the pacemaker. The term sinus node was first coined in 967. It is situated in the upper chamber of the heart and electrical impulses are produced there. It is also called SA node in short. These signals move from each cell to reach the atrioventricular node (AV node). A group of cell is placed in the center of the heart between the atria and ventricles. From the AV node it passes to the ventricles along special fibers embedded in the walls.

Simply, it is cells residing in the atrium of the heart. The atrium is where the electrical impulses start. They perform diverse functions. It is the natural pacemaker of the heart which is intended to contract and expand for pumping blood into the arteries and Venacava. They conduct electrical impulse all over the muscular region of your heart.

A view of sinus node

In an overall view on what is sinus node. It is a quick atrial rhythm, but in a broader sense it includes sinusitis arrest, atrial fibrillation, exit blocks etc.

The automatic nervous system controls the blood pressure and triggers cardiac cycle. They can transmit message quickly, thereby increasing the heart rate twice the normal. This response is required during exercises to increase the heart beat to increase the need for oxygen.

So, what is sinus node dysfunction? It is called sinusitis, which means the cells are not functioning properly to conduct the heart rhythm. This disease is complicated and seldom occurs. The ratio is 3:5000.

So, if hereafter somebody asks you what is sinus node, do not get confused, explain that it is a pacemaker of the heart which helps in pumping blood to the arteries.

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Endoscopic Sinus Surgery - An Overview

If the condition of the sinusitis become very worse and doesn't respond to medications, surgery becomes inevitable option for the doctors. There are mainly three types of surgery that is done- Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS), Image guided surgery, Caldwell Luc operation. Of these the first one is very common and this is usually used to remove the blockages of your sinuses. This type of surgery is also called sinoscopy.

Lets discuss the procedure of this endoscopic sinus surgery in detail and see how doctors perform this operation. Before that lets learn a little on endoscope. Endoscope is a very light and thin instrument which is inserted in the nose and the doctors monitor the images through an eye piece or monitor screen. The lens of the endoscope allows the doctor to see the different areas inside your nose and the sinuses and to find out what has caused the blockage in you sinuses.

Once they are confirmed of the blockage and in which sinuses the infection is caused they would now insert modern mini instruments of surgery along with endoscope to remove the blockage to get rid of sinusitis completely. Endoscopic sinus surgery is common method but very much effective.

What other things are important in this endoscopic sinus surgery? The first important thing is that no cutting or incision takes place in this surgery. Hence the post operative period is quite comfortable with less pain. The patient can go home immediately or after taking proper rest the same day of the surgery. This surgery is basically designed to drain mucus of the blocked nose and help patients recover from the pain and discomforts.

So the main functions of endoscopic surgery in sinusitis are- relive nasal blockage, get rid of facial pain, improve the breathing of the patient, and also to improve the sense of taste and smell.

Endoscopic sinus surgery is an effective procedure to correct deviated sputum. In this case the partition between the nose is crooked to get rid of polyps or water fillings which are non cancerous cells. The techniques also removes small tumors or swellings caused due to uncontrolled growth of the cells which can become cancerous. Thus this surgery treats sinusitis permanently.

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How To Cure Sinus Infections?

Sinuses are empty cavities present in the body. There are four sinus cavities in the human skull. They are the frontal, the ethmoid, the sphenoid and the maxillary cavities. Their role is to reduce the weight of the skull and to allow the voice to resonate. Sinusitis is the inflammation of the mucous membrane which lines these cavities. The inflammation could be because of virus, bacteria or due to allergy. There are several answers to the question "How to cure sinus infections?"

Inflammation in the sinus cavities causes headaches, toothaches and facial pain. Symptoms of sinusitis depend on what sinus cavity is affected. For example, toothache and jaw pain are caused due to the inflammation of the maxillary sinus cavity. Antibiotics could be one answer to the question "how to cure sinus infections?" though this method has restrictions. Antibiotics work only if sinusitis is caused due to bacteria.

Initially, a sinus infection appears to be just another common cold. There are times when decongestants are given to the patient. These decongestants work at times. When this congestion is accompanied by symptoms like fever and greenish yellow nasal discharge, a stronger decongestant may be required. Congestion caused due to sinus may last up to three months. Anti inflammatory drugs are also given at times.

Another answer to the problem "how to cure sinus infections" is nasal irrigation. In this method, a mixture of saline water is used to clean the infected mucous from the sinus cavities. This method is very safe. It is used for small children who cannot take very heavy doses of medication.

Homeopathy is also another alternative answer to the problem "how to cure sinus infections." This method of medication is free from any side effects. It is totally scientific and symptom based. The doctor may also advise the patient to inhale steam or take hot compress over the affected sinuses. Surgery is also considered at times, in case of acute sinusitis. In this method, the infected mucous is removed surgically. This method is used as a last resort.

The question "how to cure sinus infections" has several possible answers. A patient should go to a medical practitioner as early as possible to avoid unnecessary pain and complications.

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